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1p36.32 TPRG1L / 1q25.2 ABL2
19p13.2 ZNF443 / 19q13.33 GLTSCR2
Identifies ACTH-producing cells as well as tumors that may secrete ACTH in the setting of paraneoplastic syndromes. Assists in the evaluation and classification of pituitary neoplasms and other pituitary conditions.Reacts with ACTH-producing cells and some other tumors causing paraneoplastic syndromes by secreting ACTH, helpful in classifying pituitary tumors and pituitary diseases.
Detects ALK protein expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (especially adenocarcinoma). Useful for identifying patients eligible for ALK-targeted therapy.
Detects ALK protein expression in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and other ALK-rearranged lymphoid neoplasms. Helpful in diagnosis and classification of ALK-positive lymphomas.
Detects loss of ARID1A expression in tumors such as ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, aiding in diagnosis and prognostic assessment.
ATRX mutations are characteristic of grade II/III astrocytomas and secondary glioblastomas, while loss of ATRX expression defines a subset of astrocytic tumors associated with more favorable outcomes.
Used to detect the presence of acid-fast mycobacteria, rod-shaped organisms that sometimes exhibit fungus-like growth. Significant disease-producing mycobacteria are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.
Adenoviruses can establish latent infections in lymphoid tissues such as tonsils and adenoids. This antibody detects adenovirus-infected cells and reacts with all 41 known serotypes.
Highlights lipid-containing droplets in cells, useful for identifying sebaceous differentiation, lipid-rich carcinomas, and other tumors with intracellular lipid accumulation.
Identifies weakly sulfated mucins in tissue samples.
Highlights intracytoplasmic globules seen in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, as well as in benign and malignant liver tumors and yolk sac carcinoma. Can aid in evaluating patients with unexplained cirrhosis or liver disease characterized by portal fibrosis of unclear origin.Identifies intracytoplasmic globules in the context of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, benign and malignant hepatic tumors, and yolk sac carcinoma. Useful for screening patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis or other forms of liver disease with portal fibrosis of uncertain cause.
Detects an oncofetal antigen normally produced by fetal liver, and expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, and various germ cell tumors of the testes and ovaries. Identifies the tumor-associated embryonal antigen produced by fetal liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, and several germ cell tumors of testicular and ovarian origin.
Marks cells involved in regulating prostate epithelial growth and is expressed in a subset of carcinomas, including those of the prostate, breast, and salivary gland. In untreated prostate cancer, AR positivity is associated with potential responsiveness to hormonal therapy, whereas in hormone-refractory disease, AR expression is linked to poorer prognosis.
Detects a phagocytosis-associated gene product that is markedly upregulated in hairy cell leukemia, and shows reactivity in myeloid cells, macrophages, and certain benign T-cell subsets. Identifies a gene related to phagocytosis, found to be highly upregulated in hairy cell leukemia, and stains myeloid cells, macrophages, and subsets of benign T-cells.
Arginase-1 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for hepatocellular differentiation. It is strongly expressed in normal hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma, and can help distinguish HCC from metastatic carcinomas involving the liver.A highly sensitive and specific marker of benign and malignant hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma.
PCR assay used to detect clonalimmunoglobulin receptor heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangements in regions1,2,3 and joining regions; to help diagnosing B-cell neoplasms, to detect andevaluate residual cancer cells and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.Detection of clonal IgH gene rearrangements by PCR of IgH framework regions 1, 2, 3 and joining regions.
PCR assay used to detect clonal immunoglobulin receptor kappa-chain (IGK) gene in the Vk, intragenic,and Jk regions; to confirm the diagnosis of lymphomas, staging or monitoring of various lymphomas and to differentiate from other B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.
Tumor suppressor whose loss is highly specific for malignant mesothelioma. When combined with p16 FISH, helps distinguish malignant mesothelial proliferations from benign, especially when invasion is not evident.
Detects a translocation-associated protein that inhibits apoptosis. Overexpressed in most follicular lymphomas, some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, synovial sarcomas, and select muscle-derived tumors.
Marks a transcriptional repressor expressed in germinal center B-cells. Useful in classifying B-cell lymphomas and identifying germinal center–derived neoplasms.
Detects BCOR protein expression, which is associated with certain sarcomas, hematologic malignancies, and other tumors. Useful for diagnosis and classification of BCOR-related neoplasms.
Real-time RT-PCR assay for quantitative detection of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which results from translocations t(9;22), identifying two primary mRNA isoforms: p210, linked to Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), and p190, associated with Philadelphia-positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Ph+ ALL). As a reflex, qualitative RT-PCR for detection of t(9;22)transcripts that result in p230, can be ordered when BCR-ABL1 Standardp210, p190 is negative. These RNA-based tests help in diagnosis, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting minimal residual disease(MRD).
Real-time RT-PCR and directsequencing assays for detection of mutations associated with resistance toGleevec (imatinib) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, within the ABL1 kinasedomain of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene of patients with chronicmyeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Common point mutations are T315I,Y253H, E255K/V, F359V/C/I, F317L/V/I/C, T315A, and V299L.
Detects the Lewis Y blood group–related antigen. Positive in most adenocarcinomas and typically absent or low in mesothelial cells and mesotheliomas.
Marks normal B cells at all stages of maturation. Together, BOB1 and OCT2 identify most non-Hodgkin lymphomas, plasma cell neoplasms, and nodular lymphocyte predominant lymphomas, while absence of one or both is characteristic of classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
Detects the BRAF V600E mutation, which is commonly found in melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and certain other tumors. Useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and guiding targeted therapy.
Next-generation sequencing assay to analyze mutations of all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2genes including point mutations and small insertions/deletions, which can lead to an increased risk of cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancer. This test does not detect large deletions or duplications.
Detects BRG1 protein, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Loss of expression is seen in certain thoracic carcinomas, small cell carcinoma of the ovary, and other tumors, aiding in diagnosis and classification.
Detects a glycoprotein expressed on the surface and in the cytoplasm of most epithelial cells, excluding superficial squamous cells, hepatocytes, and parietal cells. It is positive in most adenocarcinomas, does not stain mesothelial cells, and is generally negative in mesotheliomas, helping to distinguish adenocarcinomas from pleural mesotheliomas.
Detects a regulator of cell adhesion and embryogenesis. Abnormal nuclear or cytoplasmic staining is seen in abdominal fibromatoses and various tumors, including endometrial stromal tumors, sarcomas, and some adenocarcinomas.
This test evaluates the morphology of bone marrow samples. Findings provide critical information for the diagnosis and management of blood disorders.
Brachyury is a protein encoded by the T gene in humans. It acts as a transcription factor and is part of the T-box family of genes. This protein plays a conserved role in forming the midline of bilaterally symmetrical organisms and helps establish the anterior-posterior body axis, a function observed in both chordates and mollusks. Although the number of cervical vertebrae is usually consistent among mammals, a spontaneous mutation in this gene, known as vertebral and spinal dysplasia (VSD), has been linked to the presence of six or fewer cervical vertebrae instead of the typical seven.
Nuclear transcription factor originally identified in Burkitt lymphoma. Overexpressed in Burkitt lymphoma, a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, some breast cancers, and radiation-associated angiosarcomas.
This test detects the c-Myb protein in tissue samples. It is helpful in diagnosing certain cancers, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma and some blood-related cancers.
Detects a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen expressed in pancreatic, biliary, gastric, and colorectal adenocarcinomas. Useful for tumor identification, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response.
A tumor marker for epithelial ovarian carcinomas, including serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and undifferentiated types. Also positive in some fallopian tube, endometrial, endocervical, and mesothelial neoplasms, but negative in mucinous ovarian tumors, colon cancer, and most normal tissues.
This antigen is present in normal tissues of the ductal epithelium of the breast, kidney, salivary gland, sweat glands, respiratory epithelium of the lung, colon epithelium, pancreatic acini and ducts, biliary epithelium in the liver, and prostate epithelium. It is positive for gastrointestinal carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, endometrial adenocarcinomas, thyroid paillary, gallblader carcinomas, and lung carcinomas, including adenocarcinomas, bronchoalveolar cell carcinomas, and squamous and small cell carcinomas.
PCR assay for fragment analysis of exon 9 of the CALR (calreticulin) gene for enhanced detection of low levels of insertion/deletion mutations, which generally appear to be mutually exclusive with JAK2 and MPL mutations. This aids in the specific diagnosis of a myeloproliferative neoplasm and distinguishes from a benign reactive process.
A follicular B-cell surface marker expressed in early lymphoid progenitors and germinal center cells. Commonly positive in precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and multiple myeloma; less frequent in precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Also expressed in various non-hematopoietic tumors (e.g., atypical fibroxanthoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma) and in normal tissues such as breast myoepithelial cells, bile canaliculi, fibroblasts, and the brush border of kidney and gut epithelium.
Reacts with an integrin subunit antigen expressed in intraepithelial T-lymphocytes, hairy cell leukemia, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, and some splenic marginal zone lymphomas. Useful for identifying hairy cell leukemia and intraepithelial gastrointestinal T cells, and for distinguishing it from other lymphomas.
A protein kinase transmembrane receptor that is expressed in tissues and cells such as tissue mast cells, skin basal cells, melanocytes, breast glandular epithelial cells, dermal sweat gland, esophageal glands, and testicular and ovarian interstitial cells. It is a marker of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and is also expressed in melanomas, breast carcinomas, and small cell lung carcinoma. A mutant form of gastrointestinal stromal tumor is the target of imatinib mesylate therapy.
Expressed on activated CD4/CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. In disease, it is detected in AML (M4/M5), hairy cell leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, SLL, splenic lymphoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, sinus histiocytosis, psoriatic skin lesions, and some follicular lymphomas.
Identifies the interleukin-3 receptor and labels plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It is useful in diagnosing neoplasms derived from these cells and is also expressed at variable intensity in all classical hairy cell leukemia, most B-ALLs, and in a subset of AMLs. It is also useful for diagnosing reactive conditions such as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadentis.
Identifies a cell surface-associated protein expressed on B-cell precursors, plasma cells, and most plasmacytic or plasmablastic neoplasms. It stains positively in myeloma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a subset of normal and neoplastic epithelial tissues.
CD14 is a glycoprotein expressed on mature monocytes, histiocytes/macrophages, Langerhans cells, neutrophils to a lesser degree, and facilitates phagocytic uptake. It stains normal macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. It also distinguishes neoplasms of monocytic and Langerhans cell origin from other hematolymphoid neoplasms. Positive staining in diseased cells indicates B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemmia, follicular center cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia.
A cytoplasmic and cell-surface protein involved in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and bactericidal activity. Strongly expressed in granulocytes, with weaker expression in monocytes/histiocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells, some epithelial cells, and occasionally large B- and T-cell lymphomas. Useful in identifying Hodgkin lymphoma.
A transmembrane scavenger receptor expressed on cells of the monocytic/macrophage lineage. It is present on circulating monocytes, macrophages in germinal centers, interdigitating reticulum cells, and Langerhans cells.
A cell surface glycoprotein expressed from early B-cell precursors to plasma cells, including follicular dendritic cells. Most B-lymphoid neoplasms express CD19, making it useful for diagnosing B-lymphoproliferative disorders.
A cell surface protein expressed on cortical thymocytes, Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells. Positive in dual-positive T-cell precursors and a subset of precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemias/lymphomas; absent on mature peripheral T-cells but present on activated T-lymphocytes.
A cell surface protein expressed on immature and mature T cells and NK cells. Rarely, aberrantly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia blasts; approximately half of thymic B-cells are also positive.
A cell surface protein expressed on mature B cells from mid-maturation through plasma cell development, including follicular dendritic cells. Positive in most B-cell lymphomas, some precursor B-ALL/lymphoblastic lymphomas, and lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphomas. Target of Rituximab; CD20 expression may be lost in treated B-cell lymphomas.
A cell surface-associated protein expressed strongly on mature B-cells, follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid tissues and derived tumors, and weakly on immature thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. A variety of lymphomas display disruption of CD21-positive follicular dendritic cell networks and precursor B-cell lymphomas, Burkitt lymphomas, plasmacytomas, and hairy cell leukemias lack CD21 expression.
A B-cell–specific surface antigen expressed on mature normal and neoplastic B cells, including mantle cell lymphoma, CLL/SLL, hairy cell leukemia, and follicular, mantle, and marginal zone B-cells. Weakly expressed in germinal center B cells and absent from other hematopoietic lineages.
A cell surface protein expressed on a subset of peripheral blood cells, B lymphocytes, EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid lines, and many follicular dendritic cells. Useful for distinguishing CLL/SLL from other B-cell neoplasms and often strongly coexpressed with CD5 on these B cells.
A cell surface protein that serves as the interleukin-2 receptor. Strongly expressed in neoplastic T cells of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and some peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Aberrant expression on mast cells aids in diagnosing systemic mastocytosis.
A multimeric cell surface protein associated with the T-cell receptor. Expressed in thymocytes, peripheral T cells, NK cells, and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Aberrantly decreased in some T-cell neoplasms; stains most T-cell lymphomas and rarely B-cell lymphomas.
A cytoplasmic and cell surface protein expressed on activated B and T cells. Strongly expressed in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and variably in infectious mononucleosis, HIV/HTLV-1/EBV/HHV8/hepatitis B–infected lymphocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells, lymphomatoid papulosis, peripheral T-cell lymphomas, most classical Hodgkin lymphomas, and embryonal cell tumors.
A transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells, vascular lining cells, megakaryocytes, and platelets. Excellent marker for vascular neoplasms and useful for assessing tumor angiogenesis.
Marks myeloid progenitors, monocytes, and macrophages. Expressed in chronic myelogenous and monocytic leukemias, some acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and select cases of myeloma.
A single-chain transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells and endothelial cells. Marks many gastrointestinal stromal tumors, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, solitary fibrous tumors, and some sarcomas. Also used to assess angiogenesis.
A transmembrane protein mediating phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes. Marks benign and malignant follicular dendritic cells, and is also expressed on erythrocytes, B cells, some T cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and glomerular podocytes. Useful for identifying follicular dendritic cells, diagnosing MALT lymphoma, and studying inflammatory disorders.
A cell surface protein highly expressed on helper T cells and at lower levels on monocytes, Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells. Absent in immature thymocytes. Most mature T-cell lymphomas are positive, except aggressive NK-cell leukemia, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, γδ T-cell lymphomas, and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Functions as the HIV receptor.
A cell surface glycoprotein expressed on all thymocytes, T cells, myeloid lineage cells, and most leukocytes except resting B cells. Useful in identifying T-cell lymphomas and a subset of B-cell lymphomas. Co-expression with CD20 occurs in some low-grade lymphomas, and expression is often correlated with CD5; follicular lymphoma is rarely positive.
A family of glycoproteins useful in distinguishing urothelial carcinoma in situ from non-neoplastic urothelial changes.A family of glycoproteins used to differentiate between urothelial transitional cell carcinoma-in-situ from non-neoplastic changes in the urothelium.
A family of membrane glycoproteins variably expressed on all hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils, but absent on normal and malignant non-hematopoietic tissues. Aberrant loss of CD45 expression occurs in some precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemias, most multiple myelomas, and nearly all cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, where Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants are typically negative.
A cell surface protein expressed on most thymocytes, immature peripheral T cells, and nearly all mature T cells, but not on NK cells. Also stains normal mantle zone B cells in lymph nodes and spleen, and B cells in pleural and peritoneal cavities. Aberrant expression occurs in certain B-cell neoplasms, including CLL/SLL, mantle cell lymphoma, and hairy cell leukemia, as well as in most T-cell malignancies and thymic carcinomas. Typically negative in spindle cell thymoma. In fetuses, most B cells in spleen and cord blood are CD5 positive.
Identifies neural cell adhesion molecules expressed on NK cells, subsets of activated T cells, and most neuroectodermal tissues and tumors. Aberrant expression occurs in some acute myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, multiple myelomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Identifies a cell surface protein expressed on subsets of NK cells, activated T cells, and large granular lymphocytes. CD57 is positive in some T-lymphoblastic leukemias, most indolent T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemias, some NK-cell lymphomas, and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
Identifies a platelet glycoprotein (β3 integrin) expressed on megakaryocytes, platelets, and certain endothelial and macrophage populations. CD61 is useful for identifying megakaryocytic lineage in disorders such as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and for detecting platelet or megakaryocytic differentiation in tumors.
Identifies a lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein expressed on activated platelets, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and endothelium. CD63 is a marker of cell activation and degranulation and is also expressed in many melanomas, carcinomas, and granular cell tumors.
Identifies a cytoplasmic and lysosomal-associated protein expressed by normal and neoplastic monocytes/histiocytes, including Langerhans cells. CD68 is a useful marker for macrophages in various tissues such as spleen, liver, lung, gut, and bone marrow. It also stains myeloid precursors and granulocytes and is positive in chronic and acute myeloid leukemias, histiocytic neoplasms, granular cell tumors, and some melanomas and renal cell carcinomas.
A cell surface protein expressed on mature and immature T lymphocytes, T-cell leukemias, NK cells, and a subset of normal and malignant B cells. Useful for identifying T-cell and myeloid leukemias, though expression is often lost in mycosis fungoides.
Identifies the transferrin receptor responsible for iron uptake in cells. CD71 is a useful marker for detecting erythroid precursors without interference from mature erythrocytes and aids in diagnosing erythroid leukemia, benign erythroid proliferative disorders, and myelodysplastic syndromes. It specifically highlights erythroid precursors in both normal and abnormal bone marrow.
A cytoplasmic antigen expressed throughout B-cell maturation, from pre–B cells to plasma cells. CD79a is present in most precursor B-cell leukemias, B-cell lymphomas, and some myelomas. Expression is reduced in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and some non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, and it is absent in myeloid and T cells.
A cell surface protein highly expressed on cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, with lower expression on γδ T cells and NK cells. Also present on most thymocytes, some null cells, and bone marrow cells. Expression may be decreased in certain T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms, making it useful in evaluating T-cell lymphomas.
Identifies the MIC2 gene product (E2 antigen) strongly expressed in Ewing sarcoma, primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
Detects a cyclin-dependent kinase often activated in tumors. Useful for distinguishing atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (positive) from benign adipocytic neoplasms (negative).
An intestinal-specific transcription factor expressed in nuclei of epithelial cells from duodenum to rectum. Highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinomas and useful for identifying metastatic gastrointestinal carcinomas of unknown primary.
Combines CDX2, an intestinal-specific transcription factor, with Villin, a cytoskeletal protein of intestinal epithelium. Useful for identifying colorectal and other gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, including metastatic tumors of unknown primary.
Detects carcinoembryonic antigen, expressed in most adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, stomach, lung, and breast. Useful for tumor identification, differentiation from non-epithelial neoplasms, and monitoring certain malignancies.
11Q/TP53 | 13Q14.3(D13S319)/13934 (LAMP1) | IGH::CCND1 T(14;11) | 6Q/CHR6
Monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has become increasingly important as treatments improve. This flow cytometry panel follows the strategy developed by the European Research Initiative in CLL (ERIC) and can detect MRD at the 0.01% level. Detection of MRD above 0.01% is reported to be an independent predictor of progression-free survival and overall survival in CLL patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy. The prognostic value of achieving MRD-negative status with other CLL therapies is under investigation in clinical trials. Available as global test only. Markers are CD3, CD5, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD43, CD79b, CD81 (8 markers).
Detects the inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Useful for assessing expression in various carcinomas, including colorectal, breast, and lung cancers.
Marks thyroid C cells and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Useful for detecting early or microscopic MTC, distinguishing MTC from anaplastic carcinoma or lymphoma, differentiating MTC with unusual patterns from follicular or papillary thyroid neoplasms, and identifying C-cell hyperplasia associated with hypercalcemia.
Regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and related tissues. Useful for identifying smooth muscle, myofibroblastic, and myoepithelial tumors, including leiomyosarcoma, and for differentiating epithelioid mesothelioma from serous papillary ovarian carcinoma. Typically negative in endometrial stromal tumors.
A smooth muscle specific cytoskeletal protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction that is useful in the identification of smooth muscle tumors and myoepithelium. It is also a useful tool to demonstrate the presence of myoepithelium around suspicious cell nests and helps distinguish in situ from invasive lesions when part of a panel. Two isoforms of calponin exist, and the expression of the 29kDa form is primarily restricted to muscle of the urogenital tract.
A highly specific and reproducible marker for epithelial mesothelioma, helping to distinguish it from adenocarcinoma. Also positive in ovarian stromal tumors.
A transmembrane protein expressed in the GI tract and gallbladder. Marks renal cell carcinoma and other clear cell carcinomas, as well as glandular regions of adenocarcinomas. Expressed in many epithelial tumors but absent in normal kidney, chromophobe carcinoma, and oncocytomas.
Detects active Caspase 3, a key mediator of apoptosis. Useful for assessing apoptotic activity in tumors and other tissues.
Marks caveolae-associated membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Useful for identifying adipocytic, smooth muscle, and endothelial differentiation in tumors.
Marks a protein in dense-core granules of neuroendocrine cells. Useful for identifying carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine neoplasms, though less sensitive than synaptophysin for high-grade tumors.
Detects a tight junction protein expressed in epithelial cells. Useful for identifying epithelial differentiation and certain carcinomas, including distinguishing skin adnexal tumors and some colorectal carcinomas.
Detects Claudin-18 isoform 2, a tight junction protein expressed in gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas. Useful for identifying patients eligible for targeted therapies against Claudin-18.2–positive tumors.
Marks a tight junction protein expressed in most epithelial cells. Useful for identifying epithelial differentiation and distinguishing carcinomas, including differentiating adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas.
Marks a major component of basement membranes, including glomerular and tubular basement membranes, Bowman's capsule, capillary basal lamina, and mesenchymal matrix. Useful in evaluating neural neoplasms and other tissue structures.